Singlet-Oxygen:
Scientific work and results on the relaxation energy of singlet oxygen

• In 1999, Hulten et al. were able to show that human monozytes in a culture form up to 60 percent fewer reactive oxygen species after stimulation with PMA, if they were previously treated with SOE (singlet oxygen energy).
• In 2003, with the aid of an experimental model, Lindgard et al. were able to show that rats; skeletal muscles had a better energy status when ischemia is present, if they were treated with SOE (singlet oxygen energy). After five hours of ischemia under the influence of SOE, significantly better levels of highly energetic phosphates (ATP) could be obtained.
• SOE (singlet oxygen energy) significantly improves the survival of xeno heart transplants (from hamsters to rats). In 2005, the authors (Lukes et al.) surmised that this effect comes about through a combination of diminished production of reactive oxygen species and improved oxidative phosphorylation.
• In 1997, Orel et al. also reported about experiments with SOE (singlet oxygen energy) therapy in the treatment of various pathological processes and the reduction of free radicals. Both the photo-chemically sensitised air and the corresponding drinking water were used. (The article is in Russian, therefore, only an abstract is available)

Production of singlet oxygen in the organism:
Scientific work and results on the production of singlet oxygen in the organism

• In 2003, Klotz et al. and in 2002, Klotz asserted that singlet oxygen is not only toxic, but can also trigger a cellular stress response, either through the formation of positive regulators or by rendering negative regulators inactive.
• Already in 1997, Briviba et al. pointed out that singlet oxygen can trigger signalling cascades, e.g. the activation of the AP-2 transcription factor of c-jun-N-terminal kinases and the NK-kappa-B system.
• There are references to the fact that oxygen can only bond to haemoglobin in its diamagnetic form, thus in the form of singlet oxygen. However, there are too competing ideas about the bonding of oxygen. One originates from
• Pauling and the other from R. Weiss. Pauling represents the view that oxygen becomes bonded as singlet oxygen when the oxidation level +II of the iron in the haemoglobin is attained. According to Weiss, on the other hand, the bonding of the oxygen amounts to the transfer of electrons between the iron and the oxygen. During that process, the iron changes its oxidation level to +III and the simple negatively charged, radical super oxide is born of the oxygen. Today, we tend to think that the truth lies somewhere between the two theories (Prof. Rehder, Organic Chemistry, Uni Hamburg – personal message).
• In 2005, Snyder et al. referred to the fact, that, according to their experiments, singlet oxygen in cells is primarily deactivated due to interaction with the solvent(!), and less through interaction with cellular components such as proteins. Scientists from the Fraunhofer-Institut in Freiburg indicate that singlet oxygen is promptly decontaminated in the presence of water (radiation-free quenching)
• Singlet oxygen is the essential oxidant in the neutrophil respiratory (oxidative) burst, thus has an essential function in the defence of bacteria and pathogens (Tatsuzawa et al. in 1999). Earlier it was thought that super oxide radicals and oxygen peroxide would be formed during the respiratory burst in experiments.
• In 1999, Kiryu et al. showed that singlet oxygen in neutrophils is formed under physiological conditions with the involvement of the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2O2-Cl(-)-system. In 2005, Zivkovic et al. were able to show most recently that neutrophils with their respiratory burst (with the formation of singlet oxygen) have anti-tumour effects in the early phase of tumour development. In COPD patients and asymptomatic smokers, the intracellular respiratory burst of the blood leukocytes is reduced (Wehlin et al. in 2005). Singlet oxygen modifies important haemostatic factors in human blood (fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII; factor X) and is thus decisively involved in the regulation of haemostasis.
• Stief et al. in 2000, Stief, in 2004. Chloramines thus seem to be the most important physiological producers of singlet oxygen (Stief, in 2004). Other findings of the working group around Stief which show that singlet oxygen triggers blood platelet aggregates (Stief et al. 2001a)and inhibits the agonist-induced P-selectin expression and the aggregation of blood platelets (Stief et al. 2001b)point in the same direction. Based on these data, Stief put forward the hypothesis that singlet oxygen is an anti-arteriosclerosis agent.
• In 2003, Garvin et al. described in a review how reactive oxygen species like singlet oxygen are important in the regulation of renal tubular transport and this has an immediate effect on the regulation of salt and water balance. However, the authors emphasise that there has been little information up to now about where and how these regulators work along the nephron. It could be shown that singlet oxygen can render free and bonded a2-macroglobulin (and thus the essential wide spectrum protease inhibitors) in plasma inactive (Stief et al in 2000). The authors surmise that phagocytes release HOCl and chloramines and that this, in turn, leads to the formation of large quantities of singlet oxygen. Thus, singlet oxygen can contribute to the activation of proteases at the site of an inflammation, for example.
• In 1999, Gillesen et al. emphasised that reactive oxygen species also have a series of physiological functions such as the activation of the cellular formation of cytokines and eicosanoides, leukotrien B4, interleukin 8, and TNF-a, and the activation of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1), the formation of arachidonic acid epoxides, the release of peptide hormones, the regulation of transcription processes in the cell nucleus and the initiation of an increased formation of antioxidants (especially SOD).

Functions of singlet oxygen in the organism:
Scientific work and results on the functions of singlet oxygen in the organism

• In 2003, Klotz et al. and in 2002, Klotz asserted that singlet oxygen is not only toxic, but can also trigger a cellular stress response, either through the formation of positive regulators or by rendering negative regulators inactive.
• There are references to the fact that oxygen can only bond to haemoglobin in its diamagnetic form, thus in the form of singlet oxygen. However, there are too competing ideas about the bonding of oxygen. One originates from
  Pauling and the other from R. Weiss. Pauling represents the view that oxygen becomes bonded as singlet oxygen when the oxidation level +II of the iron in the haemoglobin is attained. According to Weiss, on the other hand, the bonding of the oxygen amounts to the transfer of electrons between the iron and the oxygen. During that process, the iron changes its oxidation level to +III and the simple negatively charged, radical super oxide is born of the oxygen. Today, we tend to think that the truth lies somewhere between the two theories (Prof. Rehder, Organic Chemistry, Uni Hamburg – personal message).
• In 2005, Snyder et al. referred to the fact, that, according to their experiments, singlet oxygen in cells is primarily deactivated due to interaction with the solvent(!), and less through interaction with cellular components such as proteins. Scientists from the Fraunhofer-Institut in Freiburg indicate that singlet oxygen is promptly decontaminated in the presence of water (radiation-free quenching)
• Singlet oxygen is the essential oxidant in the neutrophil respiratory (oxidative) burst, thus has an essential function in the defence of bacteria and pathogens (Tatsuzawa et al. in 1999). Earlier it was thought that super oxide radicals and oxygen peroxide would be formed during the respiratory burst in experiments.
• In 1999, Kiryu et al. showed that singlet oxygen in neutrophils is formed under physiological conditions with the involvement of the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2O2-Cl(-)-system. In 2005, Zivkovic et al. were able to show most recently that neutrophils with their respiratory burst (with the formation of singlet oxygen) have anti-tumour effects in the early phase of tumour development. In COPD patients and asymptomatic smokers, the intracellular respiratory burst of the blood leukocytes is reduced (Wehlin et al. in 2005).
• Singlet oxygen modifies important haemostatic factors in human blood (fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII; factor X) and is thus decisively involved in the regulation of haemostasis.
• Stief et al. in 2000, Stief, in 2004. Chloramines thus seem to be the most important physiological producers of singlet oxygen (Stief, in 2004). Other findings of the working group around Stief which show that singlet oxygen triggers blood platelet aggregates (Stief et al. 2001a)and inhibits the agonist-induced P-selectin expression and the aggregation of blood platelets (Stief et al. 2001b)point in the same direction. Based on these data, Stief put forward the hypothesis that singlet oxygen is an anti-arteriosclerosis agent
• In 2003, Garvin et al. described in a review how reactive oxygen species like singlet oxygen are important in the regulation of renal tubular transport and this has an immediate effect on the regulation of salt and water balance. However, the authors emphasise that there has been little information up to now about where and how these regulators work along the nephron. It could be shown that singlet oxygen can render free and bonded a2-macroglobulin (and thus the essential wide spectrum protease inhibitors) in plasma inactive (Stief et al in 2000). The authors surmise that phagocytes release HOCl and chloramines and that this, in turn, leads to the formation of large quantities of singlet oxygen. Thus, singlet oxygen can contribute to the activation of proteases at the site of an inflammation, for example
• In 1999, Gillesen et al. emphasised that reactive oxygen species also have a series of physiological functions such as the activation of the cellular formation of cytokines and eicosanoides, leukotrien B4, interleukin 8, and TNF-a, and the activation of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1), the formation of arachidonic acid epoxides, the release of peptide hormones, the regulation of transcription processes in the cell nucleus and the initiation of an increased formation of antioxidants (especially SOD).

Sources: oxygen and singlet oxygen

• singlet oxygen ¹0₂ is the biologically relevant, physically excited form of the oxygen molecule. Source: Prof. Erich F. Elstner, Der Sauerstoff, Biochemie, Biologie, Medizin [Oxygen, biochemistry, biology, medicine], BI Wissenschaftsverlag, 1990
•  … …that oxygen, a vital element for all aerobes, is very slow to react in its atmospheric form. Consequently it must first be activated in order to react with other biomolecules. Source: Prof. Erich F. Elstner, Sauerstoffabhängige Erkrankungen und Therapien [Oxygen-dependent disorders and therapies], BI Wissenschaftsverlag, 1993
• The general function of membranes is to act as a permeability barrier for cells and cell organelles… Cell membranes here are taken to mean the bilamellar lipid protein double layer which continuously surrounds all cells and acts as the main barrier to the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment. Source: Biophysik [Biophysics], Walter Hoppe, Springer-Verlag, 2nd edition 1982, p. 439; p. 480
• The energy balance of a reaction is therefore equivalent to its material balance, whereby a reaction only occurs of its own accord when energy is released. The vital functions cannot really be understood without examining the energetics of the reactions involved. Source: Chemie für Mediziner [Chemistry for physicians], A. Zeeck, Urban Verlag, 4th. edition 2000, p. 74